Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction Research Articles

Environmental Fate and Dietary Risk Assessment Associated with Triafamone, Ethoxysulfuron and Their Metabolites in Rice Ecosystem

ABSTRACT Triafamone and ethoxysulfuron are ALS inhibitor herbicides belonging to sulfonamide and sulfonylurea group of herbicides used for control of weeds in rice ecosystem. Considering the environmental risk of these herbicides, the fate of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron was assessed to understand the best use of these herbicides. Degradation studies were carried out under field conditions in direct seeded rice (DSR) and transplanted rice (TPR) at an application rate of 67.5 and 135 g ha−1 and adsorption-desorption studies were carried out using batch equilibration technique. Residues of triafamone, ethoxysulfuron and their metabolites were extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction method from soil and rice grain samples and liquid liquid extraction from straw samples and quantified using HPLC. Degradation half-life (DT50) of triafamone varied from 13.02–20.93 and 12.09–14.67 days under DSR and TPR conditions, respectively while for ethoxysulfuron DT50 ranged from 11.71–15.64 and 9.90–12.19 days. Among both the herbicides, triafamone was more persistent in the soil and at harvest, concentrations of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron in soil and rice were below the acceptable limit (<0.01 mg kg−1) imposed by principal regulatory agencies. Appearance and persistence of studied metabolites corroborated the degradation of parent molecule. Hazard quotient (HQ) of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron was 0.0013 and 0.000657 suggesting that application of these herbicides was safe for use in rice. Triafamone and ethoxysulfuron had a transient effect on soil biochemical and microbiological parameters depending on herbicide dose and moisture conditions. Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kf) was 1.81 and 1.06 µg1–1/ng−1ml1/n for triafamone and ethoxysulfuron, respectively. GUS index for triafamone and ethoxysulfuron were 1.4 and 2.0 indicating low and moderate mobility, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that ethoxysulfuron has higher leachability than triafamone. Low to moderate persistence, adsorption and leaching of triafamone and ethoxysulfuron and transient ecological impacts on soil microorganisms may pave the way for safe and efficient weed control in rice cultivation.

Ultrasonic-assisted green extraction and incorporation of Spirulina platensis bioactive components into turmeric essential oil-in-water nanoemulsion for enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

The utilization of essential oils as natural antioxidants and preservatives is limited by high volatility, poor water solubility, and long-term instability. To address this, a novel ultrasonic-assisted method was used to prepare and stabilize a nanoemulsion of turmeric essential oil-in-water, incorporating bioactive components extracted from Spirulina platensis. Ultrasonic treatment enhanced the extraction efficacy and nanoemulsion stability. Algal biomass subjected to ultrasonic treatment (30 min at 80% amplitude) yielded a dry extract of 73.66 ± 3.05%, with the highest protein, phenolic, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin content, as well as maximum emulsifying activity. The resulting nanoemulsion (5% oil, 0.3% extract, 10 min ultrasonic treatment) showed reduced particle size (173.31 ± 2.24 nm), zeta potential (−36.33 ± 1.10 mV), low polydispersity index, and enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Rheology analysis indicated shear-thinning behavior, while microscopy and spectroscopy confirmed structural changes induced by ultrasonic treatment and extract concentration. This initiative developed a novel ultrasonic-assisted algal-based nanoemulsion with antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

Optimizing Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Canthium horridum Blume Leaves Utilizing Polyols: A Study on Skin-Related Activities

The focus on reducing organic solvent usage, owing to their negative environmental and health impacts, is driving a search for innovative green alternative solvents in academia and industry. Canthium horridum Blume (CH) exhibits many therapeutic activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy. The objective of this study is to evaluate the optimal solvent concentration using a simplex-lattice design with an aqueous-polyols mixture and to optimize the parameters for extracting bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities from ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of CH leaves through central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM). This study examines the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities, comparison of different extraction conditions, identification of bioactive compounds, cell cytotoxicity, cellular antioxidant activity, and melanin content reduction efficacy of the extracts. According to the findings from the simplex-lattice model, the ideal solvent composition consisted of 32.57%w/w butylene glycol, 32.92%w/w glycerine, and 34.51%w/w water. Furthermore, based on the response model, optimal extraction conditions were identified as a 15-minute extraction time and a solvent-to-sample ratio of 32.94:1. In comparison to alternative extraction methods, ultrasonic-assisted extraction using the aqueous-glycerine-butylene glycol (GB-UAE) extract resulted in notably elevated TPC and antioxidant responses (p<0.05). Major antioxidant bioactive compounds included 4-(Butoxymethyl) phenol, 3-O-Caffeoyl-4-O-methylquinic acid, Quercetin 3-(2G-glucosylrutinoside), 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid and other bioactive compounds. The GB-UAE extract revealed greater cell viability than UAE using ethanol (EtOH-UAE) extract in both cytotoxicity and cellular antioxidant assays at the same concentration. Additionally, it exhibited comparable melanin content reduction efficacy at a higher concentration compared to that of EtOH-UAE extract. The researcher anticipates that the current study will advance the utilization of an aqueous-polyols system for extracting bioactive compounds extending beyond CH leaves. Although the potential applications of CH leaves in cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations have been identified, further comprehensive mechanistic and clinical studies are required to fully understand their effects.

Application of deep eutectic solvents on extraction of flavonoids.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as a new type of eco-friendly solvent, have attracted increasing attention on the extraction and separation of flavonoid compounds from various samples, owing to their excellent properties such as biodegradability and ease of handling with very low toxicity. This article provides a status review of the applications of DESs in the extraction of flavonoids, including the introduction of flavonoid compounds, the properties and superiority of DESs, and extraction methods (ultrasonic-assisted extraction, heating reflux extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, and solid-phase extraction). Finally, prospects and challenges in the application of DESs on extraction and separation are extensively elucidated and critically reviewed.

Microencapsulation of purple tea polyphenols using the vibrating nozzle ionotropic gelation technology: Metabolomics, bioactivity, and application in milky tea

No research has been completed on the microencapsulation of purple tea extracts or on the use of such extracts in food models. Considering the worldwide importance of C. sinensis teas, this work aims to optimise the extraction of antioxidant polyphenols from purple tea leaves using a sustainable, green, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and to design milky teas added with microcapsules produced by the vibrating nozzle ionotropic gelation method. A combination of 28 min, 495 W ultrasound power, and 50% ethanol were the ideal experimental conditions for obtaining the optimal extract (OPM). OPM displayed antioxidant activity and inhibited α-glucosidase (IC50=23.0±0.3 μg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50=12.4±0.9 mg/mL) in vitro. In human erythrocytes, OPM showed an in vitro antihaemolytic effect and decreased reactive oxygen species generation in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, OPM exhibited a protective effect against H2O2-treated astrocytes at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL. The microencapsulation of OPM extract resulting in a high encapsulation efficiency (84%), and milky teas added with OPM and microencapsulated OPM had higher antioxidant activity than the conventional counterpart.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Paeoniae Radix alba: Extraction optimization, structural characterization and antioxidant mechanism in vitro

Paeoniae Radix alba is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, immunomodulatory, cancer, and other diseases. In the current study, the yield of Paeoniae Radix alba polysaccharide (PRP) was significantly increased with optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction compared to hot water extraction. Further, an acidic polysaccharide (PRP-AP) was isolated from PRP after chromatographic separation and was characterized as a typical pectic polysaccharide with side chains of arabinogalactans types I and II. Moreover, it showed antioxidant effects on LPS-induced damage on IPEC-J2 cells determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA, including decreasing the pro-inflammatory factors' expressions and increasing the antioxidant enzymes activities, which was shown to be related to the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway modulated by PRP-AP. The metabolites change (such as itaconate, cholesterol sulfate, etc.) detected by untargeted metabolomic analysis in cells was also shown to be modulated by PRP-AP, and these metabolites were further utilized and protected cells damaged by LPS. These results revealed the cellular active mechanism of the macromolecular PRP-AP on protecting cells, and supported the hypothesis that PRP-AP has strong benefits as an alternative dietary supplement for the prevention of intestinal oxidative stress by modulating cellular metabolism.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Rhizomes by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity Profiles.

Xanthorrhizol, an important marker of Curcuma xanthorrhiza, has been recognized for its different pharmacological activities. A green strategy for selective xanthorrhizol extraction is required. Herein, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) based on glucose and organic acids (lactic acid, malic acid, and citric acid) were screened for the extraction of xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza. Ultrasound-assisted extraction using glucose/lactic acid (1:3) (GluLA) gave the best yield of xanthorrhizol. The response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken Design was used to optimize the interacting variables of water content, solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio, and extraction to optimize the extraction. The optimum conditions of 30% water content in GluLA, 1/15 g/mL (S/L), and a 20 min extraction time yielded selective xanthorrhizol extraction (17.62 mg/g) over curcuminoids (6.64 mg/g). This study indicates the protective effect of GluLA and GluLA extracts against oxidation-induced DNA damage, which was comparable with those obtained for ethanol extract. In addition, the stability of the xanthorrhizol extract over 90 days was revealed when stored at -20 and 4 °C. The FTIR and NMR spectra confirmed the hydrogen bond formation in GluLA. Our study reported, for the first time, the feasibility of using glucose/lactic acid (1:3, 30% water v/v) for the sustainable extraction of xanthorrhizol.

Polysaccharides from Russula: a review on extraction, purification, and bioactivities

Russula, a renowned edible fungus, has gained popularity as a functional food among diverse populations due to the abundant presence of amino acids, proteins, and polysaccharides. As the primary constituents of Russula, polysaccharides exhibit a wide range of biological properties, making them an exceptional choice for incorporation into food, medicines, and diverse biotechnological applications. This review provides a summary of the recent research on the extraction, purification, and biological applications of polysaccharides from various Russula spp. Currently, there are many advanced extraction technologies, such as hot water-based extraction, alkali-based extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. Hence, the latest progress of extraction technologies, as well as their advantages and limitations will be discusses and summarizes in this review. The separation and purification methods of polysaccharide from Russula were introduced, including ethanol precipitation, deproteinization and gel filtration chromatography. It also focuses on exploring the diverse bioactive capabilities of Russula, including anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammation, and anti-bacterial properties. Hence, this review aims to foster a comprehensive understanding of the polysaccharides from various Russula spp. and pave the way for their promising and potential future applications in the medical and functional fields.

Comparison of Extraction Techniques for Determining Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Spirulina platensis

Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) is a high-nutrient blue-green algae that has been used as a food supplement for a long time. It contains carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds essential for basic human nutrition. It is known to have anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and hypocholesterolemic properties due to the bioactive compounds it contains. In this study, the effects of freeze-thawing, a rapid freezing (-20°C) and thawing (4°C) process, and ultrasonically assisted extraction techniques on the color, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and phenolic composition of Spirulina platensis extracts were investigated. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts obtained was determined by two different methods, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazollin-6-sulfonic acid)). The sugar profile was determined by HPLC-RID and phenolic composition was determined by HPLC-ESI-DAD-MS/MS. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of samples prepared by the freeze-thawing were higher than those prepared by ultrasonic-assisted conventional extraction technique. In addition to ferulic acid 4-O-glucuronide and brevifolin carboxylate, an isocoumarin derivative, as the dominant phenolic compound in S. platensis extracts, a total of 10 phenolic compounds including catechin isomer, resveratrol C-hexoside, myricetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, phloroglucinol, and lutein were detected. Glucose was the predominant sugar in both samples. The total sugar content was higher in the freeze-thawed samples (217.92 mg/100 g DW) than in the ultrasonic-assisted conventional extraction technique (182.91 mg/100 g DW). S. platensis has a significant amount of antioxidants, valuable secondary metabolites, and potential commercial applications and medicinal properties, but releasing these compounds is difficult due to the cell wall. This study was carried out to determine how different extraction techniques alter the release of bioactive compounds.

Phenolics from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua extracted using natural deep eutectic solvents combined with auxiliary techniques: Composition, bioactivity, and mechanistic elucidation

This study investigated the natural extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (P. cyrtonema). Employing the combination of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) and auxiliary extraction techniques, we mainly focused on yield, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibition efficiency. Compared to hot reflux extraction (HRE), the NADES extract using a 1:2 ratio of choline chloride-lactic acid (ChCl-Lac) significantly increased the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and α-glucosidase inhibition (p < 0.05). The HPLC-MS-MS identified the five most abundant phenolic compounds. Quantitative analysis showed that these compounds had the highest leaching rates in the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) combined with lactic acid-based NADES system, followed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), requiring less than 4 min. Notably, rutin exhibited the highest extraction rate of 281.1 μg/g in the UAE-ChCl-Lac system, 9.82 times higher than conventional methods. The extraction mechanism was elucidated from the perspectives of surface charge density distribution and interaction energy. Therefore, ultrasound or microwave-assisted NADES extraction aligns with sustainable development principles, offering a green approach to enrich polyphenolic compounds in P. cyrtonema.

Lemon Peel Water Extract: A Novel Material for Retinal Health, Protecting Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells against Dynamin-Related Protein 1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission by Blocking ROS-Stimulated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway

Previous studies showed that NaIO3 can induce oxidative stress-mediated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage to simulate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Lemon peel is rich in antioxidants and components that can penetrate the blood–retinal barrier, but their role in retinal oxidative damage remains unexplored. Here, we explore the protection of lemon peel ultrasonic-assisted water extract (LUWE), containing large amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols, against NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration. We initially demonstrated that LUWE, orally administered, prevented retinal distortion and thinning on the inner and outer nuclei layers, downregulating cleaved caspase-3 protein expression in RPE cells in NaIO3-induced mice. The effect of LUWE was achieved through the suppression of apoptosis and the associated proteins, such as cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3, as suggested by NaIO3-induced ARPE-19 cell models. This is because LUWE reduced reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial fission via regulating p-Drp-1 and Fis1 expression. We further confirmed that LUWE suppresses the expression of p-MEK-1/2 and p-ERK-1/2 in NaIO3-induced ARPE-19 cells, thereby providing the protection described above, which was confirmed using PD98059 and U0126. These results indicated that LUWE prevents mitochondrial oxidative stress-mediated RPE damage via the MEK/ERK pathway. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism may provide a new protective strategy against retinal degeneration.

Emerging contaminants as unintentional substances in paper and board: A case of unexpected pharmaceuticals detection in the paper recycling chain

The contamination of paper products by various chemicals has been reported on a global level, but to date, no published research has investigated pharmaceutical contamination of paper-based products. In this study, pharmaceutical analysis was conducted on 42 samples collected from various points of the recycled paper value chain in Cape Town, South Africa, which included the various grades that may be included in the manufacturing of recycled paperboard. The analysis was achieved by ultrasonic-assisted extraction of paper samples before detection by UHPLC-Q Orbitrap. Quantification limits ranged from 1.15 pg/g for ketoprofen to 46.07 pg/g for methocarbamol. Pharmaceuticals identified in newspaper samples were dexamethasone, ketoprofen, and 17β-estradiol. The latter was also detected in paper shopping bags (up to 697.49 ng/g), infant bathtub packaging (280.62 ng/g), battery packaging (137.43 ng/g), and an egg carton (170.47 ng/g). Carbamazepine was also prominent with its concentration reaching 13.02 ng/g in a vegetable box. Suspect screening tentatively identified 14 additional pharmaceuticals in paper samples, with minocycline, prazepam, and anabolic steroids appearing more prominently. This pioneering study indicated that unintentional pharmaceutical exposure had expanded beyond environmental media to consumer products.

Optimization of extraction, separation and purification of baicalin in Scutellaria baicalensis using response surface methodology

Optimizing extraction, separation, and purification processes of bioactive ingredients improves resource utilization and reduces environmental pollution in pharmaceutical industry. Here, we report findings of a study focusing on enhancing baicalin production from Scutellaria baicalensis, an important medicinal crop with increasing market demand. Using response surface methodology, we optimized ultrasonic-assisted extract method (ethanol concentration, ultrasonic temperature, ultrasonic time) for dried powder and decocting method (liquid-solid ratio, decocting time, decocting times) for fresh slices, respectively. Baicalin was separated, purified, and refined through the processing of macroporous resin, alkali-solution, acid precipitating and methanol reflux, respectively, and was quantified via high performance liquid chromatography. The main findings were as follows: (1) Optimal extraction of dried-powder: particle size 80 mesh, liquid-solid ratio 20:1, extraction solvent ethanol 57%, ultrasonic temperature 68°C, ultrasonic time 66 min. (2) Optimal extraction of fresh slices: adding the fresh slices into boiling water, liquid-solid ratio 43:1, decocting for 93 min. (3) Optimal separation: AB-8 macroporous resin, diameter to height ratio 1:15, loading liquid baicalin concentration 25.6 mg/mL, flow rate 1 BV/h, loading volume 8 BV, and elution volume 11 BV. (4) Optimal purification: adjusting the extraction solution pH to 1.0, static placing at 80°C for 12 h, washing the precipitate twice, dissolving the crude baicalin extract with alkali NaOH, and re-precipitating with stronger acid HCl. (5) Optimal refinement: reflux extracting the above baicalin extraction with 75% methanol for 30 min at liquid-solid ratio 15:1. Collectively, these findings provide valuable references for optimizing processing conditions of important medicinal crops in pharmaceutical industry.

Ionic liquid based ultrasonic assisted extraction of flavonoids from Artemisia vulgaris and in vitro evaluation of anticancer activity

This study was focused on an effective technique of flavonoids extraction from Artemesia vulgaris using ionic liquids (ILs) as green solvents. The findings showed that the hydrophilic IL, [Bmim][Br] coupled with ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was able to extract flavonoids better than hydrophobic IL, [Bmim][PF6]. Single-factor experiments reported that the optimum extraction time, 30 min and solid-to-liquid ratio, 1:10 could obtain high extraction yield (9.3 %) and flavonoid content (5.30 mg/g). With the assistance of ultrasonic energy, [Bmim][Br] was successfully to lysis cells and leach out flavonoids as explained by the morphological observation of SEM and functional groups in FTIR spectrum. UHPLC-MS/MS detected few intense flavonoids such as rutin, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, and quercetin-3-glucopyranoside in the extract. The monitoring of Kamlet-Taft parameters such as polarity, acidity and basicity explained the formation of hydrogen bonding between IL, cellulose and flavonoids. The extraction of flavonoids in [Bmim][Br] based UAE followed Peleg’s kinetic model satisfactorily (R2 > 0.95). [Bmim][Br] could be reused up to 5 cycles before lost its extractability. The recovered flavonoids extract exhibited high anticancer activity against HeLa cells (IC50 = 347.37 µg/mL) without any significant cytotoxic effect on normal cervical cells at the concentration up to 300 µg/L. Therefore, this technique was likely to be an efficient extraction of plant flavonoids.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Dictyophora rubrovolvata Volva Proteins: Process Optimization, Structural Characterization, Intermolecular Forces, and Functional Properties.

Dictyophora rubrovolvata volva, an agricultural by-product, is often directly discarded resulting in environmental pollution and waste of the proteins' resources. In this study, D. rubrovolvata volva proteins (DRVPs) were recovered using the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. Based on one-way tests, orthogonal tests were conducted to identify the effects of the material-liquid ratio, pH, extraction time, and ultrasonic power on the extraction rate of DRVPs. Moreover, the impact of UAE on the physicochemical properties, structure characteristics, intermolecular forces, and functional attributes of DRVPs were also examined. The maximum protein extraction rate was achieved at 43.34% under the best extraction conditions of UAE (1:20 g/mL, pH 11, 25 min, and 550 W). UAE significantly altered proteins' morphology and molecular size compared to the conventional alkaline method. Furthermore, while UAE did not affect the primary structure, it dramatically changed the secondary and tertiary structure of DRVPs. Approximately 13.42% of the compact secondary structures (α-helices and β-sheets) underwent a transition to looser structures (β-turns and random coils), resulting in the exposure of hydrophobic groups previously concealed within the molecule's core. In addition, the driving forces maintaining and stabilizing the sonicated protein aggregates mainly involved hydrophobic forces, disulfide bonding, and hydrogen bonding interactions. Under specific pH and temperature conditions, the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, foaming capacity and stability, emulsion activity, and stability of UAE increased significantly from 2.01 g/g to 2.52 g/g, 3.90 g/g to 5.53 g/g, 92.56% to 111.90%, 58.97% to 89.36%, 13.85% to 15.37%, and 100.22% to 136.53%, respectively, compared to conventional alkali extraction. The findings contributed to a new approach for the high-value utilization of agricultural waste from D. rubrovolvata.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Verbascum sinaiticum Leaves: Maximal Phenolic Yield and Antioxidant Capacity.

Verbascum sinaiticum (Qetetina or yeahya Joro) is a medicinal plant with secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and alkaloids. This study was designed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters to enhance the phenolic content and characterize the phenolic compounds using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), and antioxidant activities in Verbascum sinaiticum extract. Extraction time, sample-to-solvent ratio, and extraction temperature were considered for UAE optimization. It was found that UAE generated the highest extraction yield (21.6%), total phenolic content (179.8 GAE mg/g), total flavonoid content (64.49 CE mg/g), DPPH (61.85 µg/mL), and ABTS (38.89 µg/mL) when compared to maceration extraction. Metabolite analysis in this study showed the detection of 17 phenolic compounds, confirming antioxidant capacities. The optimization parameters have significant effects on phenolic compounds. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of structural changes when UAE was used over the maceration method. The optimized UAE parameters for extraction temperature (41.43 °C), sample-to-solvent ratio (36.32 g/mL), and extraction time (33.22 min) for TPC were obtained. This study shows the potential application for UAE of Verbascum sinaiticum leaves in the development of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.

Optimization of extraction of crude polysaccharide from Cassia seed via ultrasonic assisted cellulase and study on its antioxidant activity

In order to improve the current low extraction rate of cassia polysaccharide and improve its extraction efficiency, the ultrasonic wave assisted cellulase extraction method of cassia polysaccharide is first proposed and optimized. Orthogonal test is conducted to analyze the influence of six factors related to cellulase and ultrasonic wave on the extraction of cassia polysaccharide, and at the same time to explore the antioxidant activity of the extracted polysaccharide in vitro. The results show that the main and secondary factors affecting the extraction rate of cassia polysaccharide are pH &gt; ultrasonic power &gt; enzyme dosage &gt; enzymatic hydrolysis temperature &gt; enzymatic hydrolysis time &gt; ultrasonic time. The optimal conditions are: enzyme dosage: 1.6%, enzymatic hydrolysis time: 80 min, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature: 52 ℃, enzymatic hydrolysis pH: 6.4, ultrasonic time: 30 min, ultrasonic power: 276 W, the polysaccharide yield under the optimal conditions is 12.29%, which is 5.31% and 14.43% higher than the single enzyme extraction method and ultrasonic extraction method reported in the literature, respectively, indicating that the composite extraction method is superior to the single extraction method. The antioxidant activity analysis shows that the half inhibitory concentrations of cassia polysaccharide against DPPH·, ABTS·+, ·OH, ·O2- free radicals are 0.894 mg/mL, 1.175 mg/mL, 1.908 mg/mL and 7.601 mg/mL, respectively, which shows good antioxidant activity in vitro. Therefore, ultrasonic assisted cellulase extraction of crude polysaccharide from cassia seed is a new efficient and rapid extraction method.

Evaluation of Leaves, Flowers, and Seeds of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) through Microwave Drying and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction, for Biologically Active Components

Evaluation of Leaves, Flowers, and Seeds of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) through Microwave Drying and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction, for Biologically Active Components

Optimizing ultrasonic-assisted extraction and untargeted metabolite identification from red water lily (Nymphaea rubra) leaves with enhanced antioxidant activity

This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polyphenolic compounds from red water lily (Nymphaea rubra) leaves (NRL) with heightened antioxidant activities and perform untargeted metabolite identification. Response surface methodology, employing Box-Behnken design, determined optimal conditions: 53.0 % ethanol, 32.0 min extraction time, and 53.0 °C temperature. The resulting extraction demonstrated significant total phenolic content of 45.12 ± 1.12 mgGAE/g and total flavonoid content of 44.05 ± 1.65 mgCAE/g. High-resolution mass spectrometry identified 150 secondary metabolites, encompassing phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and fatty acids. The optimized NRL extract exhibited notably increased radical scavenging abilities (19.21 ± 1.71 μM ASCE/g for DPPH and 24.59 ± 1.35 μM ASCE/g for ABTS) along with elevated reducing power potential (63.35 ± 4.28 μM ASCE/g for CUPRAC and 61.32 ± 2.56 μM ASCE/g for FRAP) in comparison to traditional extracts, which ranged from (7.23 ± 1.58 to 15.13 ± 1.79 μM ASCE/g, 13.29 ± 1.32 to 19.29 ± 1.69 μM ASCE/g, 22.74 ± 1.68 to 54.37 ± 3.38 μM ASCE/g, 24.14 ± 2.00 to 52.77 ± 2.33 μM ASCE/g for DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC and FRAP, respectively). This suggests its promising potential for incorporation into antioxidant-rich functional foods. These findings underscore NRL's promise for commercial applications in the nutraceutical, food, and pharmaceutical industries.

Unveiling the mechanisms for the development of rosehip-based dermatological products: an updated review.

Rosa spp., commonly known as rosehips, are wild plants that have traditionally been employed as herbal remedies for the treatment of a wide range of disorders. Rosehip is a storehouse of vitamins, including A, B complex, C, and E. Among phytonutrients, vitamin C is found in the highest amount. As rosehips contain significant levels of vitamin C, they are perfect candidates for the development of skincare formulations that can be effectively used in the treatment of different skin disorders (i.e., scarring, anti-aging, hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, melasma, and atopic dermatitis). This research focuses on the vitamin C content of several Rosa sp. by their botanical and geographic origins, which according to research studies are in the following order: R. rugosa > R. montana > R. canina > R. dumalis, with lower levels in R. villosa and R. arvensis, respectively. Among rosehip species, R. canina is the most extensively studied species which also displays significant amounts of bioactive compounds, but also antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities (e.g., against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, S, epidermis, and S. haemolyticus). The investigation also highlights the use of rosehip extracts and oils to minimise the harmful effects of acne, which primarily affects teenagers in terms of their physical appearance (e.g., scarring, hyperpigmentation, imperfections), as well as their moral character (e.g., low self-confidence, bullying). Additionally, for higher vitamin C content from various rosehip species, the traditional (i.e., infusion, maceration, Soxhlet extraction) and contemporary extraction methods (i.e., supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted, and enzyme-assisted extractions) are highlighted, finally choosing the best extraction method for increased bioactive compounds, with emphasis on vitamin C content. Consequently, the current research focuses on assessing the potential of rosehip extracts as medicinal agents against various skin conditions, and the use of rosehip concentrations in skincare formulations (such as toner, serum, lotion, and sunscreen). Up-to-date studies have revealed that rosehip extracts are perfect candidates as topical application products in the form of nanoemulsions. Extensive in vivo studies have revealed that rosehip extracts also exhibit specific activities against multiple skin disorders (i.e., wound healing, collagen synthesis, atopic dermatitis, melasma, and anti-aging effects). Overall, with multiple dermatological actions and efficacies, rosehip extracts and oils are promising agents that require a thorough investigation of their functioning processes to enable their safe use in the skincare industry.